Coins from the Carolingian Empire

The Carolingian Empire, which stretched from Western to Central Europe, was the result of the territorial expansion of the Frankish kingdoms under the influence of the Carolingian dynasty during the Early Middle Ages. When Pepin the Short, founder of the Carolingian dynasty, came to power in 751, he fought against monetary anarchy by imposing a silver-based standard. His son Charlemagne decided in 781 to give a forced exchange rate to the currency (20 solidi, so 240 Deniers per Carolingian pound), in order to promote cash exchanges and put an end to barter. By instituting the royal monopoly on mints, Charlemagne really founded Carolingian currency and extended it to the whole of Europe. In 814, his son Louis the Pious continued this policy, adding a new division, the Obol, worth half a Denier. The Empire was finally divided among Charlemagne's grandsons in 843, after the death of Louis the Pious in 840, giving rise to West Francia, East Francia and Middle Francia in between. The latter will experience successive fragmentations throughout the period, with the kingdoms of Italy and Provence to the south, Lotharingia to the north, itself later divided into two separate duchies. The political instabilities caused by fratricidal struggles and external pressures, especially Norman, gradually provoked a challenge to the royal monopoly and the end of the period saw the emergence of a decentralized feudal coinage. The silver Denier characteristic of the Carolingian Empire is nevertheless the direct or indirect model of all Western coinage produced from the 9th to the 13th century.

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Carolingian Empire › Carolingian States › Aquitaine, Kingdom of • Pound (781-987)

2 Obols = 1 Denier • 12 Deniers = 1 Solidus • 20 Solidi = 1 Carolingian Pound

Obol - Louis I (Bourges mint)
(781-814)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 0.58 g • ⌀ 14.7 mm
Prou Car# 655, Depeyr Car# 183, Morrison# 385, N# 339576
Obol - Louis I (Melle mint)
(781-814)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 0.64 g • ⌀ 16 mm
Prou Car# 709-710, Morrison# 393-394, Gariel Car# XIV/5, Depeyr Car# 613, MEC I# I, 777-778, N# 324362
Obol - Louis I (as emperor)
(818-823)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 0.78 g
Morrison# 387-388, Prou Car# 658, Gariel Car# XIV/19, Nouchy# 12 (p. 89), N# 343794
Obol - Lothair I
(830-833)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 0.60 g
Morrison# 554, Prou Car# 658a, Nouchy# 8 (p. 113), N# 343458
Obol - Charles II
(832-845)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 0.69 g
Morrison# 1049-1050; 1053-1055, Prou Car# 668-669; 673-674, Gariel Car# XXII/28-31, Nouchy# 9 (p. 124), MEC I# I, 834, N# 343404
Obol - Pepin II (AQVITANIA)
(845-848)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 0.62 g • ⌀ 17.5 mm
Morrison# 598; 601-604, Prou Car# 659-664, Gariel Car# XX/1-3, MEC I# I, 812-813, N# 185977
Obol - Pepin II (EQVITANIORVM)
(845-848)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 0.64 g
Morrison# 600, Prou Car# 666-667, Gariel Car# XX/5, MEC I# cf. I, 811, N# 348354
Obol - Pepin II (Melle mint)
(845-848)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 0.82 g
Morrison# 608, Prou Car# 691, Gariel Car# XXXVII/4, MEC I# I, 815, N# 346259
Obol - Pepin II (Limoges mint)
(845-848)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 0.40 g • ⌀ 16 mm
Morrison# 611, Prou Car# –, Gariel Car# XX/11, N# 348377
Obol - Pepin II (Limoges mint; two crosses)
(845-848)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 0.92 g
Morrison# 613, Prou Car# 776, Gariel Car# XX/10, N# 348376
Obol - Pepin II (Toulouse mint)
(845-848)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 0.65 g
Morrison# 619, Prou Car# –, Gariel Car# XXXVII/8, MEC I# I, 817, N# 346261
Obol - Louis II
(867-877)

Standard circulation coin
Billon • 0.66 g
N# 341834
Denier - Louis I (Clermont-Ferrand mint)
(781-814)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.24 g
Depeyr Car# 329 var., Gariel Car# XIV/1 var., Morrison# 459 var., Prou Car# –, N# 404627
Denier - Louis I (Saint Stephen abbey of Bourges)
(781-814)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.29 g
Morrison# –, Prou Car# –, Depeyr Car# 214, N# 348729
Denier - Pepin I (bust and temple)
(818)

Standard circulation coin
Silver (.950) • 1.50 g • ⌀ 20 mm
Morrison# 597, Prou Car# 665, Depeyr Car# 176, Gariel Car# XX/6, N# 346260
Denier - Louis I (as emperor)
(818-823)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.75 g
Morrison# 389-390, Prou Car# 657, Gariel Car# XIV/18, Nouchy# 11 (p. 89), MEC I# I, 763-764, Depeyr Car# 178, N# 343796
Denier - Lothair I (Bordeaux mint)
(830-833)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.60 g
Morrison# 555, Nouchy# 9 (p. 113), Gariel Car# LIX/13, Prou Car# 790, N# 343457
Denier - Pepin II (Bourges mint; bust)
(840-852)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.56 g • ⌀ 20 mm
Morrison# 609, Depeyr Car# 188, Gariel Car# XXXVII/1, N# 348345
Denier - Pepin II (Poitiers mint)
(845-848)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.70 g
Morrison# 605, Prou Car# 677, Gariel Car# XX/12, N# 348379
Denier - Pepin II (Melle mint)
(845-848)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.73 g
Morrison# 606-607, Prou Car# 689-690, Gariel Car# XXXVII/2-3, MEC I# I, 814, N# 340607
Denier - Pepin II (Limoges mint; two crosses)
(845-848)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.41 g
Morrison# 612, Prou Car# 775, Gariel Car# XX/9, N# 348342
Denier - Pepin II (Toulouse mint)
(845-848)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.63 g • ⌀ 22 mm
Morrison# 616-618, Prou Car# 807-812, Gariel Car# XXXVII/5-7, MEC I# I, 816, N# 8266
Denier - Pepin II (Cahors mint)
(845-848)

Standard circulation coin
Silver
Morrison# 620, N# 348373
Denier - Pepin II (temple)
(845-848)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.81 g
Morrison# 621, Gariel Car# XX/13, Prou Car# 1056, N# 348371
Denier - Pepin II (Limoges mint)
(845-848)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.84 g • ⌀ 21.5 mm
Morrison# cf. 611, Prou Car# –, Gariel Car# cf. XX/11, N# 346945
Denier - Charles II (Bourges mint; bust)
(848-864)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 0.98 g
Morrison# 1068-1070, Nouchy# 17 (p. 127), Gariel Car# XXII/44, Depeyr Car# 190, Prou Car# 735-738, N# 339757
Denier - Louis II (Toulouse mint)
(867-877)

Standard circulation coin
Billon • 1 g • ⌀ 18 mm
Prou Car# 818, Morrison# 1650-1651, Nouchy# 6 (p. 216), Gariel Car# XXXVIII/11, MEC I# I, 966, N# 59498

Carolingian Empire › Carolingian States › Arles, Kingdom of • Pound (933-1366)

2 Obols = 1 Denier • 12 Deniers = 1 Solidus • 20 Solidi = 1 Carolingian Pound

Obol - Conrad I (Lyon mint)
(942-979)

Standard circulation coin
Billon • 0.45 g
Dy féodales# 2526, PA# –, Morrison# –, Depeyr Car# 534, N# 347584
Obol - Rudolf III (Lyon mint; temple)
(993-1032)

Standard circulation coin
Billon • 0.60 g
Dy féodales# 2529, Gariel Car# LXVII/3, Prou Car# 639, PA# CXII/13 ; 17, Chwartz# 215, N# 346026
Denier - Conrad I
(937-993)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.20 g
HMZ 1# 1-552Aa, CNI I# S. 34, 8, Biaggi# 2380, PA# 5005, N# 187936
Denier - Conrad I (Basel mint)
(937-993)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.45 g
HMZ 1# 175a, Wielandt Breis.# 3, Dann Sa# 959, N# 188751
Denier - Conrad I (Lyon mint)
(942-979)

Standard circulation coin
Billon • 1.29 g
Dy féodales# 2525, PA# 5013, Morrison# 1683, Prou Car# 634-636, Gariel Car# LXVII/3, Depeyr Car# 531, Boudeau# 1126, N# 198846
Denier - Rudolph III (Lyon mint; temple)
(993-1032)

Standard circulation coin
Billon • 1.23 g • ⌀ 19.1 mm
Dy féodales# 2528, Gariel Car# LXVII/1, Prou Car# 638, PA# 5017, N# 333221
Denier - Rudolf III
(993-1032)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.25 g
HMZ 1# 1-553, N# 191018
Denier - Henry III (Vienne mint)
(1038-1056)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.15 g • ⌀ 19 mm
PA# 4820, Boudeau# 1041, Dy féodales# 2373, N# 107411
Denier with S - Henry III (Lyon mint)
(1038-1058)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.14 g • ⌀ 17.9 mm
Dy féodales# 2531, PA# 5025, Boudeau# 1127, N# 333222
Denier - Henry III (Lyon mint)
(1038-1058)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.17 g
Dy féodales# 2532, PA# CXII/24, Gariel Car# LXVII/1, Chwartz# 217, N# 346028

Carolingian Empire › Carolingian States › Italy, Kingdom of • Pound (781-1024)

2 Obols = 1 Denier • 12 Deniers = 1 Solidus • 20 Solidi = 1 Carolingian Pound

Obol - Otto I / Otto II (as emperors; Verona mint)
(962-983)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 0.52 g
Biaggi# 2965, CNI VI# 21/24, N# 349283
Available for swap Obol - Henry III / Henry IV / Henry V (Lucca mint)
(1039-1125)

Standard circulation coin
Billon • 0.60 g • ⌀ 17 mm
CNI XI# 19 ; 21, Matzke# H3 n.40, MIR# 107 ; 109, N# 343640
Denier - Louis II (small module)
(850-875)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.71 g • ⌀ 20 mm
CNI V# 18.27, MEC I# I, 1007, N# 346431
Denier - Charles II
(875-877)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.41 g • ⌀ 28.7 mm
SambonGiu# 626, CNI V# 22.3, MIR# 11 (p. 34), MEC I# I, 1009, Crippa I# 1, N# 346435
Denier - Carloman (HCARLEMANNVS RE)
(877-879)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.52 g
MEC I# I, 1011, SambonGiu# 628, CNI V# 24.8, N# 346436
Denier - Carloman (CARLOMAN REX)
(877-879)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.84 g • ⌀ 28.5 mm
MIR# 12 (p. 35), Morrison# 1217-1218, MEC I# I, 1010, SambonGiu# 627, CNI V# 23.1, N# 338600
Denier - Charles III (as king)
(879-881)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.68 g
MIR# 13, N# 346515
Denier - Charles III (as emperor)
(881-888)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.54 g
Nouchy# 1 (p. 229), Gariel Car# XLI/27-29, MEC I# I, 1012, Morrison# 1525-1531, CNI V# 25.6, SambonGiu# 630, N# 341424
Denier - Berengar I (first coinage, as king)
(888-889)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.36 g • ⌀ 27 mm
CNI V# 31.35, MEC I# I, 1013, SambonGiu# 645, N# 346438
Denier - Guy of Spoleto
(891-894)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.74 g
CNI V# 26.7, MEC I# I, 1014, SambonGiu# 633, MIR# 16, N# 346458
Denier - Lambert of Spoleto
(894)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.92 g • ⌀ 31.8 mm
CNI V# 27.2, MEC I# I, 1015, SambonGiu# 635, MIR# 19, N# 346439
Denier - Arnulf (Milan mint)
(896-899)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.28 g
Morrison# 1536, CNI V# p. 33, I, MIR# 18, N# 346700
Denier - Arnulf (Pavia mint)
(896-899)

Standard circulation coin
Silver • 1.70 g • ⌀ 31.4 mm
Morrison# 1538, CNI IV# p. 473 I, MIR# 820, N# 346567

The Numista referee for coins of this issuer is Compendium.

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